MALA ŠKOLA KULTURE I SUBKULTURE GOVORA

 

KNJIGA:  „1200  GODINA  BOSANSKE DRŽAVE“

AUTORA HUSNIJE HUKE OMERĆEHAJIĆA 

Book: "1200 years of the Bosnian state"

by Husnija Huko Omerćehajić

 (Hamid Čustović) 

                             Korice knjige „1200 godina bosanske države“, Izdavač: Off-Set, Tuzla, 2023.                                    Cover of the book "1200 Years of the Bosnian State", Editor: Off-set, BH-Tuzla. 2023

Knjiga „1200 godina bosanske države“ se sastoji od  180 stranica  sa 15 poglavlja i  80  podnaslova. Osim deskriptivnog  prikaza, u knjizi se nalaze i  23  slike  od kojih je  11  u  boji. Autor  ove knjige je  poznati  tuzlanski  i bh. agronomn, i ništa  manje poznat kao sportski i društveno politički aktivista  više od pedeset godina. Do sada je objavio tridesetak naučnih i stručnih radova  i sedam knjiga.  Rođendan Bosne i Hercegovine je 822 godina Prije svega, autor  je na osnovu više izvora utvrdio da je  „rođendan“ Bosne (tada nije bilo Hercegovine), bila 822 godina. Bilo  je i drugih mišljenja i prijedloga, počev od paušalnih ocjena, pa do istorijskih analitičkih postavki. Najveći broj, kako naučnika tako i običnih građana, intelektualaca  govore i pišu o Bosni kao o „hiljadu godišnjoj državi“, a gotovo niko ne govori o tome  kada je bio početak ove države. Neki znanstvenici govore da je Bosna nastala  sredinom VI. stoljeća u vrijeme zajedničkog djelovanja Slovena i  Avara, koji je nazvan  „Avarski  klaganat“  i niz drugih prijedloga. Autor je na kraju prihvatio eksplicite  objavljene izvore na bazi više radova poznatog jugoslavenskog i srpskog  akademika, istoričara Tibora Živkovića, da je „Rođendan Bosanske države 822. godina“. U tom periodu, veći broj izvora govori o aktivnostima bosanskih banova i kneževa, ali im, nažalost, ne pominju imena, sve do pojave bosanskog Bana Borića. 1105. godine.  Poslije toga u kontinuitetu, narednih oko 400 godina, do okupacije Bosne od strane Osmanlija, Bosnom su upravljala još 24 bosanska vladara (10 kraljeva, 2 kraljice, 12 banova i jedna princeza). Jedan od najvećih i najznačajnijih vladara je treći po redu Kulin Ban, koji je bio apsolutni gospodar Bosne više od 32 godine. Za ovaj period, autor je sakupio relevantne činjenice iz više izvora i ugradio ih u ovoj knjizi na 7 stranica teksta, pa se može zaključiti  da je Kulin Ban, za ono vriojeme stvorio najbogatiju državu u Evropi i sa najvećim standardom bosanskog naroda. Zbog toga je i do današnjih dana, poslije više od 800 godina, u narodu ostao slogan  „Za Kulina bana i dobrijeh dana“. Osim  izrazitog blagostanja u Bosni, Kulin Ban je intenzivno radio na uspostavljanju dobrih diplomatskih odnosa sa većim brojem evropskih zemalja. Nekima je pružao pomoć, i to ne samo verbalnu nego i materijalnu, oslobađajući ih od plaćanja carina i drugih dažbina. U to vrijeme Bosna je bila jedina zemlja u Evropi u kojoj se nisu plaćale carine.  Naročito je  diplomatske i dobrosusjedske odnose Kulin Ban ostvario sa  Dubrovačkom  Republikom. Iz tog vremena potiče i znamenita povelja koja predstavlja trajni spomenik kulturne baštine BiH i najstariji svjetovni spomenik na južnoslovenskom prostoru. Povelja je pisan bosanskim pismom „Bosančicom“ i ujedno predstavlja najstariji pravni dokument na ovim prostorima i to na narodnom Bosanskom jeziku. To takođe, govori da je Kulinova Bosna bila dobrostojeća Bosanska država. Povelja je napisana na ovčijoj koži i upućena dubrovačkom narodu 29. avgusta 1.189 godine.   Sve je to bilo  prije 835 godina! Poslije  Kulinove smrti za narednih 150 godina, Bosnom je vladalo 9 banova, sve do 1377 godine kada Bosna postaje kraljevina sa prvim bosanskim kraljem Tvrtkom  I. Kotromanićem.  „Bosanski kralj Tvrtko  I. Kotromanić uz Kulina Bana, nesumljivo je najveći vladar kojeg je Bosna ikad imala  u svojoj hiljadugodišnjoj istoriji i može se mjeriti sa svim vladarima kroz istoriju Evrope“. Zbog svog statusa i snage Bosna je, od svih balkanskih zemalja, posljednja okupirana. Bosna je okupirana 70 godina poslije Kosovske bitke i nakon 170 godeina poslije Tvrtkove smrti. Njegov brzi uspon, u znatnoj mjeri, omogućio  je njegov predhodni vladar i stric  Stjepan  II. Kotromanić, koji je bio na čelu Bosne punih 40 godina, najviše od svih vladara u Bosni. Poslije Tvrtkove smrti 1391 godine do  osmaanske okupacije Bose 1463 g (72 godine), u Bosni se izmijenilo još 7 kraljeva.  To je period slabljenja bosanske države, period borbe za vlast, i period rasparčavanja. Posljedenji Bosanski kralj Stjepan Tomašević  bio je svjestan ove opasnosti, pa je molio za pomoć, prije svega od Pape Pija  II. i ugarskog kralja Kastriota, upućujući posebno pismo Papi Piju II. Poslije toga, ranog mjeseca maja 1463 godine, na očigled ravnodušnog posmatranja katoličke Evrope i prećutnog blagoslova Svetog oca Pape Pija II. „izgore bosansko ugledno kraljevstvo“. Osim toga „glavom platiše“: Bosanski kralj Stjepan Tomašević i joiš oko 200 bosanskih plemića, njegovih najbližih saradnika i rođaka. Među tim glavnim bosanskim vojvodama i bosanskim izdajnicima Stjepanu Vukčiću Kosači i Hrvoju Vukčiću Hrvatiniću nije falila ni dlaka sa glave. Na osnovu šire analize i znatnog broja izvora, autor tvrdi da su glavni krivci za okupaciju Bosne bila bosanska vlastela, koju  su predvodili Sandalj Hranić, Stjepan Vukšić Kosača, Hrvoje Vukčić, Balkša I. i drugi.

The book "1200 Years of the Bosnian State" consists of 180 pages with 15 chapters and 80 subtitles. In addition to the descriptive presentation, the book also contains 23 pictures, 11 of which are in color. The author of this book is a well-known Tuzla and Bosnian agronomist, and no less well-known as a sports and socio-political activist for more than fifty years. So far, he has published about thirty scientific and professional papers and seven books.  The birthday of Bosnia and Herzegovina is 822 First of all, the author determined, based on several sources, that the "birthday" of Bosnia (there was no Herzegovina at that time) was 822. There were other opinions and suggestions, starting from general assessments to historical analytical postulates. The majority of scientists, as well as ordinary citizens and intellectuals, speak and write about Bosnia as a "thousand-year-old state", and almost no one talks about when this state began. Some scientists say that Bosnia was created in the middle of the VI. century during the joint activities of the Slavs and Avars, which was called the "Avar Klaganate" and a number of other proposals. The author ultimately accepted explicit published sources based on several works by the famous Yugoslav and Serbian academic, historian Tibor Živković, that the "Birthday of the Bosnian State is 822". During that period, a large number of sources speak of the activities of the Bosnian bans and princes, but unfortunately do not mention their names, until the appearance of the Bosnian Ban Borić. in 1105. After that, continuously, for the next 400 years, until the occupation of Bosnia by the Ottomans, Bosnia was ruled by 24 more Bosnian rulers (10 kings, 2 queens, 12 bans and one princess).  One of the greatest and most important rulers is the third in line, Kulin Ban, who was the absolute ruler of Bosnia for more than 32 years. For this period, the author collected relevant facts from several sources and incorporated them into this book on 7 pages of text, so it can be concluded that Kulin Ban, at that time, created the richest state in Europe and with the highest standard of the Bosnian people. That is why, even to this day, after more than 800 years, the slogan "For Kulin Ban and better days" has remained among the people. In addition to the pronounced prosperity in Bosnia, Kulin Ban worked intensively on establishing good diplomatic relations with a large number of European countries. He provided assistance to some, not only verbal but also material, freeing them from paying customs duties and other duties. At that time, Bosnia was the only country in Europe where customs duties were not paid. Kulin Ban established diplomatic and good-neighborly relations with the Republic of Dubrovnik in particular. The famous charter, which represents a permanent monument of the cultural heritage of BiH and the oldest secular monument in the South Slavic region, also dates from that time. The charter was written in the Bosnian script "Bosančica" and is also the oldest legal document in this region, in the vernacular Bosnian language. This also shows that Kulin's Bosnia was a prosperous Bosnian state. The charter was written on sheepskin and sent to the people of Dubrovnik on August 29, 1189.   It was all 835 years ago! After Kulin's death, Bosnia was ruled by 9 bans for the next 150 years, until 1377, when Bosnia became a kingdom with the first Bosnian king, Tvrtko I. Kotromanić. "Bosnian king Tvrtko I. Kotromanić, along with Kulin Ban, is undoubtedly the greatest ruler that Bosnia has ever had in its thousand-year history and can be compared to all rulers throughout the history of Europe." Due to its status and strength, Bosnia was the last to be occupied out of all the Balkan countries. Bosnia was occupied 70 years after the Kosovo battle and 170 years after Tvrtko's death. His rapid rise, to a considerable extent, was made possible by his previous ruler and uncle, Stephen II. Kotromanić, who was at the head of Bosnia for 40 years, the longest of all rulers in Bosnia. After Tvrtko's death in 1391 until the Ottoman occupation of Bosnia in 1463 (72 years), 7 more kings changed hands in Bosnia. This was a period of weakening of the Bosnian state, a period of struggle for power, and a period of dismemberment. The last Bosnian king, Stjepan Tomašević, was aware of this danger. , and he asked for help, first of all from Pope Pius II. and the Hungarian King Kastriot, sending a special letter to Pope Pius II.  After that, in early May 1463, in the face of the indifferent observation of Catholic Europe and the tacit blessing of the Holy Father Pope Pius II. "the Bosnian noble kingdom burned down". In addition, "they paid with their heads": the Bosnian king Stjepan Tomašević and about 200 Bosnian nobles, his closest associates and relatives. Among these main Bosnian dukes and Bosnian traitors, Stjepan Vukčić Kosača and Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić did not miss a single hair from the head. Based on a broader analysis and a considerable number of sources, the author claims that the main culprits for the occupation of Bosnia were the Bosnian nobility, led by Sandalj Hranić, Stjepan Vukšić Kosača, Hrvoje Vukčić, Balkša I. and others.

Berlinski kongres Otomanski period vladanja Bosnom neću ovdje spominjati jer to je relativno dobro izučen period i poznat intelektualnoj ali i široj javnost. Nasleđe je duboko do danas. U vrijeme Otomanske vladavine u Bosanskom pašaluku mijenja se neutvrđen broj Paša i drugih bosanskih vladara sve do tzv. Berlinskog kongresa 1878 godine kada je konačno propalo Osmansko carsto u Bosni, koje je trajalo 415 godina. Na Berlinskom kongresu, dogovorom velikih sila, Austrougarska carevina, dobila je pravo da okupira BiH. Ode jedan okupator i dođe drugi - Austrougarska carevina. U narodu se formira novi slogan „Sjaši Murta da uzjaše Kurta“. Ovaj novi okupator ostaje u Bosni sve do početka prvog svetskog rata ili ukupno 36 godina. U ovom periodu Turska je prodala Austro-ugarskoj Bosnu kao najobičniju robu za iznos od 13.783 kg zlata ili 2.500.000 turskih funti, ili 14,000.000 austriskih kruna. Ovom finansijskom transakcijom  Austrougarska je 1908. g. aneksirala BiH, kada je  dobila ime samo Bosna bez Hercegovine i postala praktično dio Austrugarske carevine.  Međutim, ipak je u ovom vremenu  došlo do znatnag privrednog napretka, ali u isto vrijeme dolazi do duhovnog sakaćenja bosanske kulture. Tako na prijer neka neindetifikovana „Zemajska vlada“ donosi odluku 4. 0kt0bra 1907. g., da se ima posve napustiti bosanski jezik i da se imade Zemaljski jezik nazivati srpsko hrvatski jezik. Ovim i sličnim akcijama i aktivnostima, protagonisti nacionalizma, ne samo iz Bosne nego i iz susjednih zemalja, guraju bosanski narod u međunarodnu izolaciju, a samim tim i u propast udaljavajući ga od evroskih vrijednostiu za koje se borio čak od srednjevjekovnog perioda. Dovoljno je samo kazati da se ovaj jezik upotrebljavao i stalno nazivao bosanski jezik više od 1.000 godina. Prvi svjetski rat Od 1914. do 1918. godine je vrijeme Prvog  svjetskog rata, a po njegovom završetku od 1918 do 1921, Bosna je imala izvjesnu samostalnost. Naime 1918. g. Bosna ulazi u sastav novo formirane države Srba, Hrvata i Slovenac (SHS), kada je obrazovano Narodno vijeće BiH. Vidovdanskim Ustavom 28 juna 1921. g. određeno je da „Bosna i Hercegovina ostaje u postojećim granicama“ (član 135 Ustava). Ovaj Ustav je bio na snazi 7,5 godeina, kada ga je kralj Aleksandar državnim udarom ukinuo tzv „šestjanuarskom diktaturom“ 1929. g. Oviom je i BiH potpuno ukinuta i rasparčana na tzv. Banovine, koja se do tada nazivala Bosna  više od 1100.g.   Primjer zatiranja bosanskog bića je i odluka kralja Aleksandra od 17 juma 1920.da se „Pravoslavna crkva u Bosni i Hercegovini pripoji srpskoj pravoslavnoj crkvi“. Poslije takvih samovolja kralja Aleksandra, raste sukob srpske i hrvatske nacionalističke buržoazije, kad počinje i II. Svjetski rat. Drugi svjetski rat Kraljevina je okupirana od strane Hitlerove Njemačke samo za nekoliko dana, a već  1941 g. fašisti formiraju novu kvislinšku državu, Nezavisnu državu Hrvatsku u čiji sastav ulazi Bosna i Hercegovina. U ovoj državi se dešavaju neviđena zvjerstva,  formiraju se koncentracioni logori i druga mučilišta. Najviše sada stradaju Jevreji, Romi i Srbi. Upravljanje ovom državom obavljaju gotovo isključivo hrvatski građani uz podršku nekolicine muslimanskih fašista, koji u Pavelićevoj državi zauzimaju visoke položaje. Za cijelo ovo vrijeme postojanja NDH u Bosni se vodi neprestan partizanski antifašistički rat. Zbog toga mi se čini, da je i danas priklanjanje antifašizmu potrebnije sad nego ikada ranije. U to vrijeme, na ogromnoj slobodnoj teritoriji, 24 i 26. novembra 1943. u Mrkonjić gradu održaje se Osnivačka skupština Zemalskog antifašističkog vijeća narodnog oslobođenja Bosnbe i Hercegovine (ZAVNOBIH). Na ovoj Skupštini obnovljena je državnos BiH, i doneseno niz istorijskih značajnih odluka za dalji razvoj BiH. Mora se ipak priznati da se ovim odlukama nisu u cjelosti riješili etnički probloemi u BiH, što će kasniji događaji potvrditi ovu kostataciju.. Ima li Bosne Laži o Bosni i bosanskoj državnost, istoriji, suživotu, i njenoj nezavisnosti,  kroz propagandu sa istoka i zapada, se nastavljaju neprekidno do današnjih dana. Autor navodi najaktuajniji primjer zatiranja  bosanskog imena i svega što asocira na Bosnu. Naime, turski okupator, gotovo da nije mijenjao imena gradova, naselja i drugih toponima, jer su ovi nazivi ostali ne promijenjeni za čitav period okupacije Bosne. Međutim, „srpski nacionalisti i bosanski neprijatelji“, još u toku posljednog rata u BiH, promijenili su niz naziva, a koji su se u Bosni upotrbljavali hiljdama godina. Tako sva naselja i gradovi koji su imali prefiks „bosanski“ brisani su iz naziva, ili su nekim gradovima dali druge nacionalne atribute. U ovoj knjizi autor je takođe, detaljno obradio znčajne etničke probleme od formiranja države Socijalističke Bosne i Hercegovine, kao i uzroke  posljednjeg rata u BiH i druga veoma interesantna pitanja, koja ne bih da ovdje elaboriram. Na kraju naglašava se da autor pod jednim pod naslovom u knizi problematizira pitanje  „IMA LI BOSNE“?, pa konstatuje da u Bosni službeno ne postoji narod koji se naziva Bosanci. Onda je logično  da ako nema Bosanaca onda nema ni Bosne. Međutim ako nema bosanaca Bosna nije još umrla. Nju  još uvijek čuva bosanski duh koji je istina još uspavan, ali se nadamo da će kao i duh iz Aladinove lampe  izići i potvrditi da je Bosna neuništiva.

The Congress of Berlin I will not mention the Ottoman period of rule over Bosnia here because it is a relatively well-studied period and known to intellectuals and the general public. The legacy is deep to this day. During the Ottoman rule, an unspecified number of Pashas and other Bosnian rulers changed hands in the Bosnian Pashalik until the so-called Congress of Berlin in 1878, when the Ottoman Empire in Bosnia, which had lasted for 415 years, finally collapsed. At the Congress of Berlin, by agreement of the great powers, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was granted the right to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina. One occupier leaves and another comes - the Austro-Hungarian Empire. A new slogan is formed among the people: "Dismount Murta and mount Kurt". This new occupier remains in Bosnia until the beginning of the First World War, or a total of 36 years. During this period, Turkey sold Bosnia to Austria-Hungary as a mere commodity for the amount of 13,783 kg of gold or 2,500,000 Turkish pounds, or 14,000,000 Austrian crowns. With this financial transaction, Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia in 1908, when it was named Bosnia without Herzegovina and became practically part of the Austrian Empire. However, during this time there was still significant economic progress, but at the same time there was a spiritual mutilation of Bosnian culture. Thus, on October 4, 1907, an unidentified "Zemajska govora" decided to completely abandon the Bosnian language and to call the Zemaljski jezik the Serbo-Croatian language. With these and similar actions and activities, the protagonists of nationalism, not only from Bosnia but also from neighboring countries, are pushing the Bosnian people into international isolation, and thus into ruin, distancing them from the European values ​​for which they have fought since the medieval period. Suffice it to say that this language has been used and constantly called the Bosnian language for more than 1,000 years.  World War I From 1914 to 1918 was the time of World War I, and after its end from 1918 to 1921, Bosnia had a certain independence. Namely, in 1918, Bosnia became part of the newly formed state of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (SHS), when the National Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina was established. The Vidovdan Constitution of 28 June 1921 stipulated that "Bosnia and Herzegovina shall remain within its existing borders" (Article 135 of the Constitution). This Constitution was in force for 7.5 years, when King Alexander abolished it in a coup d'état in the so-called "January 6th dictatorship" in 1929. This resulted in the complete abolition of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its division into the so-called Banovina, which had been called Bosnia for more than 1,100 years.  An example of the suppression of Bosnian identity is the decision of King Alexander on June 17, 1920, to "merge the Orthodox Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina with the Serbian Orthodox Church." After such arbitrary actions by King Alexander, the conflict between the Serbian and Croatian nationalist bourgeoisie grew, and World War II began. World War II The Kingdom was occupied by Hitler's Germany for only a few days, and already in 1941 the fascists formed a new quisling state, the Independent State of Croatia, which included Bosnia and Herzegovina. Unprecedented atrocities were committed in this state, concentration camps and other torture sites were established. The Jews, Roma and Serbs suffered the most. The administration of this state was carried out almost exclusively by Croatian citizens with the support of a few Muslim fascists, who occupied high positions in Pavelić's state. Throughout the existence of the NDH, a continuous partisan anti-fascist war was waged in Bosnia. That is why it seems to me that today, leaning towards anti-fascism is more necessary now than ever before. At that time, on the vast free territory, on November 24 and 26, 1943, the Founding Assembly of the National Anti-Fascist Council of the National Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZAVNOBIH) was held in Mrkonjić Grad. At this Assembly, the statehood of BiH was restored, and a series of historically significant decisions were made for the further development of BiH. It must be admitted, however, that these decisions did not completely resolve the ethnic problems in BiH, which later events will confirm this statement..  Is there a Bosnia  Lies about Bosnia and Bosnian statehood, history, coexistence, and its independence, through propaganda from the East and the West, continue unabated to this day. The author cites the most current example of the erasure of the Bosnian name and everything that is associated with Bosnia. Namely, the Turkish occupier almost did not change the names of cities, settlements and other toponyms, because these names remained unchanged for the entire period of the occupation of Bosnia. However, "Serb nationalists and Bosnian enemies", during the last war in BiH, changed a series of names, which had been used in Bosnia for thousands of years. Thus, all settlements and cities that had the prefix "Bosnian" were deleted from their names, or some cities were given other national attributes. In this book, the author also dealt in detail with significant ethnic problems since the formation of the state of Socialist Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the causes of the last war in BiH and other very interesting issues, which I would not like to elaborate here. At the end, it is emphasized that the author under one title in the book problematizes the question "IS THERE BOSNIA"?, and states that there is no official people called Bosnians in Bosnia. Then it is logical that if there are no Bosnians, then there is no Bosnia. However, if there are no Bosnians, Bosnia has not died yet. It is still guarded by the Bosnian spirit, which is still dormant, but we hope that, like the spirit from Aladdin's lamp, it will come out and confirm that Bosnia is indestructible.